DARK PATTERNS IN E-COMMERCE: ARE INDIAN CONSUMERS ADEQUATELY PROTECTED UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT,2019?

Dark patterns are deceptive design practices used in e-commerce to manipulate consumers into making choices that may not align with their actual interests. This article examines whether Indian consumers are adequately protected against such practices under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. It discusses existing protections under the Act, the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020, and the CCPA’s 2023 Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns. The article also highlights challenges such as low consumer awareness, underreporting, and difficulties in monitoring digital platforms. It argues that while India has established a strong legal framework, effective enforcement, consumer awareness, and responsible business practices remain essential for ensuring transparency and genuine freedom of choice.