Impact of Environmental Laws in Kashmir

Environmental protection in Jammu and Kashmir has assumed increasing significance due to the region's fragile Himalayan ecosystem, rich biodiversity, and growing developmental pressures. The constitutional changes following the abrogation of Article 370 in 2019 resulted in the extension of several central environmental legislations to the Union Territory, bringing substantial changes to its legal framework. This study critically examines the impact of environmental laws in Jammu and Kashmir by analysing their evolution, implementation, and effectiveness in addressing the region's environmental challenges. The research adopts a qualitative methodology based on a review of legislation, judicial decisions, scholarly literature, government reports, policy documents, news articles, blogs, and other secondary sources. It is further supplemented by an analysis of public opinion gathered through interviews and publicly available commentaries to understand the practical implications of environmental governance. The study finds that although the current legal framework provides comprehensive statutory protection and greater uniformity with national environmental standards, significant challenges remain in implementation, institutional coordination, enforcement, and community participation. While judicial intervention and increased public awareness have strengthened environmental governance, effective protection continues to depend upon efficient administration, scientific planning, and meaningful involvement of local communities. The research concludes that environmental sustainability in Jammu and Kashmir requires not only a robust legal framework but also region-specific implementation strategies, stronger institutional capacity, and participatory governance. By critically evaluating the strengths and limitations of the existing legal regime, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on environmental governance and sustainable development in the region.