Rethinking Reservation Policies: Balancing Social Justice with Meritocracy in Contemporary India

Reservation in India is a constitutionally recognized mechanism of affirmative action aimed at addressing historical discrimination and promoting substantive equality for socially and educationally disadvantaged communities. Over the years, however, the reservation system has become the subject of intense debate concerning its impact on meritocracy, administrative efficiency, and social cohesion. This article examines the historical evolution, constitutional foundations, and judicial interpretation of reservation policies in India, with particular reference to landmark constitutional amendments and Supreme Court decisions. It further analyses the continuing tension between the constitutional commitment to social justice and the principle of merit-based selection in education and public employment. The article argues that merit must be understood within the broader context of social and economic inequalities rather than as a purely academic measure. It also explores contemporary challenges, including the creamy layer doctrine, demands for broader inclusion, and the need for evidence-based policy reforms. The article concludes by advocating a balanced and constitutionally aligned reservation framework that combines affirmative action with improvements in education, transparency, and periodic policy review to promote both equality of opportunity and institutional excellence.