ANALYSIS, IMPLICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SECULARISM IN THE PREAMBLE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
The term “secularism” refers to the separation of religion from the affairs of the state. In the context of the Preamble of the Constitution of India, secularism signifies the fundamental principle that the Indian state is equidistant from all religions and does not promote or discriminate against any particular religion. The Preamble of the Indian […]
THE QUEST FOR ACCOUNTABILITY: INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE AND CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
The twenty-first century has witnessed remarkable developments in international law, human rights protection, and global governance. Yet, despite the existence of sophisticated legal institutions and regulatory frameworks, armed conflicts, humanitarian crises, and violations of international law continue to challenge the international community. From contemporary conflicts in Eastern Europe and the Middle East to persistent concerns […]
WAR, JUSTICE, AND LEGITIMACY: RE-EXAMINING THE ETHICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER
The pursuit of international order has long been intertwined with questions of war, justice, and legitimacy. While the modern international system is founded upon the principles of sovereign equality, peaceful dispute settlement, and the prohibition of the use of force, armed conflict continues to shape global politics and international relations. The persistence of war despite […]
THE ETHICS OF FORCE: REVISITING JUST WAR THEORY IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
War occupies a paradoxical position in international relations. While the international legal order is founded upon the preservation of peace, states continue to invoke force in response to security threats, humanitarian crises, and acts of aggression. This tension raises a fundamental question: can the use of force ever be morally and legally justified? Just War […]
QUAD AS MINILATERALISM: STRATEGIC SIGNALLING, COLLECTIVE ACTION, AND THE INDO-PACIFIC STABILITY
The Indo-Pacific has emerged as the central geopolitical and geoeconomic region of the twenty-first century, marked by strategic competition, maritime security challenges, technological transformation, and evolving regional governance. In this context, the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), comprising Australia, India, Japan, and the United States, has evolved from an informal consultative forum into a significant model […]
SURVIVORS: THOSE LEFT IN THE SHADOW OF WAR
Armed conflict has long been narrated through the decisions of states, military campaigns, and geopolitical strategy, while those who suffer its consequences have remained largely invisible within the architecture of international law. This article argues that one of the most significant transformations in the law of state responsibility has been the gradual shift from viewing […]
INDIA, THE WORLD, AND THE FOLDING LAPSES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: Sovereignty, Adjudication, And The Structural Gaps Of A Consent-Based Order
International law rarely collapses outright; it folds. It bends and pleats around concentrations of power, and it lapses—leaving open gaps—wherever consent, enforcement, or institutional design run out. This paper examines India as a particularly insightful example of those folding lapses, as India serves multiple roles: a beneficiary, a critic, a litigant, a respondent, and a […]
BARCELONA TRACTION REVISITED: CORPORATE CLAIMS, STATE RESPONSIBILITY, AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
The 1970 judgment in *Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain)* is conventionally remembered as the leading authority on diplomatic protection and corporate nationality. This article argues that such a characterization overlooks the judgment’s far greater jurisprudential significance. While the Court’s holding on shareholder protection has largely receded in practical importance with […]
THE WRONGFUL DEATH OF STATES
The 2025 Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change has been widely interpreted as resolving the problem of “sinking states” by affirming that the disappearance of territory does not necessarily extinguish statehood. This article argues that such a reading addresses only the symptoms of […]
From Policy to Practice Enviornmental Laws in India
In India, the development of environmental jurisprudence is bound to be a complex path as it began with an aspiration of policy goal setting and now looks toward a strict, but difficult implementation phase. India’s first step in the direction of environmental stewardship was the 42nd Amendment to its Constitution, which was spurred by the […]