PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS: GAPS BETWEEN TREATY LAW AND STATE PRACTICE
The overwhelming majority of armed conflicts in the contemporary world are non-international in character, waged not between States but between governmental forces and organised armed groups, or between such groups themselves, within the territory of a single State. Despite this reality, International Humanitarian Law’s (IHL) treaty framework governing non-international armed conflicts (NIACs) remains considerably less […]
STATE RESPONSIBILITY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: ANALYZING THE DRAFT ARTICLES ON RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES FOR INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACTS
The international legal order, unlike domestic legal systems, does not rest upon a centralised enforcement authority. Its coherence instead depends on a body of secondary rules that determine when a State has breached its obligations and what legal consequences follow from that breach. These secondary rules are collectively known as the law of State responsibility. […]
PROSECUTOR V. DUSKO TADIĆ (ICTY, 1995): REDEFINING THE SCOPE OF ARMED CONFLICT UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
The case of Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadić, decided by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), occupies a singular place in the development of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Beyond its significance as the Tribunal’s first completed trial, the Appeals Chamber’s 1995 jurisdictional decision fundamentally reshaped how international law understands the existence and classification […]
The Principle of Distinction in Modern Warfare: Challenges Posed by Autonomous Weapons Systems
The principle of distinction is among the oldest and most fundamental tenets of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). It obliges parties to armed conflict to distinguish at all times between combatants and civilians, as well as between military objectives and civilian objects, directing attacks exclusively at the former. Rooted in customary international law and codified in […]
FASHION STATEMENT OR MASS SURVEILLANCE: CRITIQUE OF THE RAY-BAN META GLASSES
Emerging technology on the market has become a fashion statement in the modern era. A recent trend observed is the rise of camera-embedded eyewear such as the Ray-Ban Meta Glasses. From the backlash against Google for violating individual privacy to the acceptance of Meta glasses as part of a technological revolution, there has been a […]
CONTINGENCY OF WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION AND THE DELIMITATION BILL OF 2026
India, a nation characterized by its diversity, has produced several prominent female political leaders from the pre-independence period to the present. Despite this, women’s representation in Parliament has remained limited, largely due to prevailing societal norms. In a representative democracy, all citizens must be represented at the highest level by individuals from their own communities. […]
CASE COMMENT: HAMSAANANDINI NANDURI v. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. (2026)
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WALKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: RETHINKING PEDESTRIAN ACCESS AND INFRASTRUCTURAL INACCESSIBILITY IN INDIA
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One Crime, Many Statutes: Complexity with Indian Cybercrime Regulations
A deepfake video puts words in a businessman’s mouth, generated by a rival to defame him. That single act now triggers liability under three separate tracks: BNS defamation provisions, the IT Act’s 2026 rules on synthetically generated information, and possibly the DPDP Act too. This paper traces why. BNS 2023 folded cyber offences into general […]
Legal Aspects of the Shadow Fleet: The Visibility of the Invisible
Roughly one in five oil tankers worldwide now runs dark: false flags, disabled trackers, shell company ownership, all built to move sanctioned Russian, Iranian, and Venezuelan oil past Western sanctions. This paper maps the legal gaps that let the shadow fleet operate. UNCLOS says nothing about disabled tracking or false flags when it defines “non-innocent […]